Means to increase the efficiency of alternating currents.



PATBNTED PEB.19,1,907. I I. KITSEE. Y STO INCREASE THE EFFICIENCY OF ALTERNATING CURRENTS.

MEAN

APPLICATION FILED JUNE 13. 1905.

2 SHEETS-SHEET 1.

Wimeaa ea m: uoxms PETERS cv., wnsmucrcu, u c

No. 844,878. 'PATENTED FEB.1'9, 1907. LKITSEB. MEANS TO INCREASE THE EFFICIENCY OPALTERNATING GURRBNTS.

APPLICATION FILED JUNE 13', 1905.

2 SHEETS-SHEET 2'.

ISIDOR KITSEE, OF PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA.

MEANS TO INCREASE THE EFFICIENCY OF ALTERNATING CURRENTS.

Specification of Letters Patent.

Patented Feb. 19, 1907.

Application filed June 13,1905. Serial No. 264.981.

T0 alt whom it may concern.-

Be it known that I, IsIDoR KITsEE, of the city and county of Philadelphia and State of Pennsylvania, have invented certain new and useful Improvements in Means to Increase the Efliciency of Alternating Currents, of which the following is a specification.

My invention relates to an improvement in means for increasing the efficiency of currents capable of inducing secondary impulses in a neighboring conductor, and has more special reference to the increase of efficiency of alternating currents.

To transform alternating currents with the aid of a double coil provided with a soft-iron coretransformer, so called is well understood. Through the fiow of the current in alternating opposite direction impulses are induced in the secondary coil of such a trans former. These impulses are always flowing in the direction opposite to the direction of the inducing impulses.

In the art of transforming or converting alternating currents only the change in direction 13 made use of, and each cycle, consisting, as it does, of two alternations, one in each direction, is made to induce only in the secondary one similar cycle, consisting also of two alternations, one in each direction, and the energy in the secondary is equal to the spent energy in the primary minus the loss due to conversion.

It is the object of my invention to increase this inductive capacity of the primary coil on the secondary, and to make more clear the method by which I accomplish this result I will first give in general the operations governing the principle of induction as applicable to this my invention.

The law that a current which commences to flow will induce a current of opposite direction in a neighboring conductor and that a current which ceases to flow will induce a current of a direction similar to the direction of the primary current formerly flowing is well understood and does not need to be repeated. It is therefore not the flow of the current as such which is capable of inducing energy in the secondary; but it is only the momentary impulses due to the commencing or ceasing of the flow, and in the alternating current it is therefore not the flow of the impulses which induce impulses in the secondary but these induced impulses are only due to the change in direction or, in other words, to the ceasing of the current-flow in one direction and the commencing of the current-flow in the opposite direction. Both of these periods induce impulses of one and the same direction in the secondary. As the inducing influence of such electric energy can be likened to the inducing influence of mechanical energy, it is purposed for the sake of a clearer understanding to use the following illustration: Let us suppose that a vehicle is moving at a certain speed in a certain direction and the passenger is standing in said vehicle facing in the direction in which the vehicle is traveling. Should the vehicle come to a standstill, the passenger, if not supported, will fall forwardthat is, in the direction in which the vehicle was moving. If now the passenger arights himself and the vehicle starts again to move in the former direction, then the passenger will fall backward. Now let us suppose that the passenger has again. righted his position and the vehicle continues to move at the same speed in the same direction. The passenger will not be affected by this movement, no matter how long the same continues, provided that the speed is always the stme. If we now liken tie flow of tie current to the running of the VGi'iiClG, then we can easily see that just as the starting of the vehicle and the stopping of the same induce a movement in tie p .ssenger, so the starting and ceasing of the flow of the current will induce electic movement in the secondary; but just as the continuous movement of the vet icle in one direction will not affect the p;ssenger at all, so the continuous flow of the current will not affect the electlic condition of a neighboring conductor at.all, and, as in the illustration, the strength and quickness of the starting and the quickness of the stepping inducc corresponding greater or lesser motion in the passenger of a vet iclc, so t: 0 volume of the current and quickne ss of its starting or ceasing will induce corre spending greater or lesser change in the electric condition of the secondary.

I have given the status of the passenger at the starting and stopping of the VOiliGlG. Now instead of alternately starting and stop ping, the veliicle alternately changes its (lirection of travel. This change in direction will result in the same movement of the passenger as the former starting and stopping, or vice versa. It is therefore clearly shown that the movement of th e vehicle in alternate direction is equal to the alternate starting and stopping Q3 se r,

or the same, and the movement of the current in alternate direction is therefore equal to the alternate starting and ceasing of tie flow of same and that no matter how long a time intervenes between the starting and stopping or how long a time intervenes between t :e change of movement in opposite direction this time will not have any influence on the inductive action. Under no consideration, therefore, will the electric change induced in the secondary be greater or lesser if alter the commencing of the flow of the current in the primary the same will continue to flow for a greater or lesser period. So, also, will the electric change induced in the secondary not be greater or lesser if alter the stopping ol the flow of the current in the priinary a greater or lesser time will intervene before starting again, and as the starting and stepping is equal to an alternate flow it is only tie mini.- bcr ol alternations or cycles in given unit of time which will influence the elect1ic condi tion in the secondary and. not t re tiire intervening between one alternation and t're next following. Bearing this inn ind, the 'i'i'iethod and apparatus, as will hereinalmr be describe d and as is illustrated in the drawings, will be clearly understood.

Referring now to the drmvings, Figures 1 and 1 are diagrammatic views of the circuits and devices attached thereto for the purpose of increasing the efficiency or" the alternating current generated at Z. Fig. 2 is a-side elevation of the apparatus with t e circuits in dia ram i or the purpose of reuniting induced impulses. Fig. 3 is a diigraminatic view illustrating more in detril the circuit connected to the dillerent parts of the apparatus for reuniting the in: pulses.

In Fig. 1, Z is the source of current, here shown as an alternsting-dynamo. A and B are the main lines. C is the derived circuit. Tl:is derived circuit has the two branches C and C and each of these derived branches is provided with a device adapted to allow the flow of the current in one direction and adapted to estop the flow Of the current in the opposite direction. These devices are here shown as "asymmetrical cells F and F, apparatuses well known to persons versed in the art, the principle of these devices based thereon that, lor instance, an electrode of aluminium in a suitable electrolyte will allow the current to pass in direction so that this aluniinium element should become the negative, but will not allow the current to pass in the opposite direction, in which case the aluminium would become the positive, e. n d as, as szid above, tliis device, its construction, and use is now a well-known and established fact, and its special construction does not form part of my invention. Therefore it is unnecessary for me to give the sir/ire more in detail, and it is sufficient to remark here that any device which will fulfil the oflice of this apparatus known as "asymmetrical cells may be substituted therelor.

In the branch 0 is placed the primary D of a converter, and in the branch U is placed. the primary E of a similar converter. These primaries are provided with secondaries l) and E, respectively, and in the circuit of D are placed the consuming devices U U, and in the circuit of E is placed the consuming device T, here shown as a motor. The operation of this arrangement is as follows: The current generated at Z will flow from the wire A through the wire 0, and that part'of the cycle which will flow, as is indicated by the leatlierless arrow, downward will flow through the branch C and. that part of the cycle which will flow, as is indicated by the feathered arrow, upward will flow through the branch (1" We will therefore have in each branch one period in which the current is flowing and a like period in which no current is flowing. The flow of the current, or rather the commencement of the flow cl? the current in each branch, will induce currents of opposite directions in the secondaries ol the primaries placed in these branches, and the ceasing of tlie flow cl this current will during the period that such. current is not flowing induce currents oi a like direction in these secondaries. To make this operation clearer, let us suppose that the current is now flowing in the direction as indicated by the featlierless arrow and is therefore flowing only through the branch C" with its primary E. In the seezimdary E of the primary E will therefore be induced a current flowing in said secondary in the opposite direction from the current flowing at E. Let us suppose that new the second part of the cycle commences that is, that the alternating current generated at Z will now flow in the direction as indicated by the feathered arrow. This phase of the current will not be able to flow through the branch but will flow entirely through the branch t) and its prin'iary 1). This flow ot the current will therefore induce a current in the opposite direction in the secondary D, as is usually the case in trans formers; but at one and the same time the ceasing of the flow ol' the current in (1, and llllOlGlOlC in the primary E, will induce impulses in E flowing in a direction in which the current formerly flowed therein. In both these branches, tlierelore, currents will be induced in their respective secondaries 'l'or each part of the alternation and we will have in both the secondary circuits a continuous flow of alternating impulses, and these alternating impulses will actuate the consi'imilig dedces U and T.

So far the operation of the device was a simple one, and it was only necessary to provizielor eac ;art of the.alternation a separate path anc to provife for each path. a primary and a secondary for said primary, so as to be enabled to feed consuming devices from each secondary; but in the practical use of the impulses generated in these secondary circuits it has to be considered that the potential of these impulses will vary. impulses flowing in one direction will have a;potential far higher than the potential of the impulses flowing in the opposite direction. This is a great drawback where either motors orlig'hts have to be operated with such currents. This difference of potential is a direct result of the manner in which the induction in the above arrangement takes place, for whereas the flow of the current in the primary will induce impulses in the secondary in exact ratio where the secondary is wound for the same voltage the ceasing of the flow in the primary will result therein that in the secondary a potential of far higher voltage will be induceil than the potential of the former primary current. In other words, a current of a given potential. and volume will infuce impulses of a given potential and volume through the commencing of the flow, but will induce an impulse of far less volume and far higher potential through the ceasing of its flow; Should, therefore, the impulses generate tl in the secondaries of the arrangement as above described be practically utilized in an efficient manner, it is necessary to rearrange or readjust the same so that only impulses of one potential and value shall How in one circuit and the impulses of high potential and less volume shall llow in a second circuit. To be more precise, to utilize the induced impulses in a secondary circuit it is necessary that the potential and volume of the current flowing shall not vary, but shall remain as much as possible constant, and this condition is brougl'it about by the arrangement as illustrated in Fig. 2 and in Fig. 3. In these figures, A and B are the main lines; C, the derived circuit, of which. C and (J are the branches, provi"eil with the primaries D and E, respectively, and the asymmetrical cells F and F, respectively, the primary D, provid ed with. the secondary D, and the primary E, provifeti v the secondary E; but instead. of the secondary being connected. directly to the consuming device, as was illustrated in Fig.

1, these secondaries are nowconnected to what I call an ad usting r evLce, whereby the impulses of one potential generated in both secondaries are adjusted in a manner so as to flow in one consuming-c rcuit and the impulses of a diilerent potential generated in both secondaries are made to flow in the second. consuming-circuit. TllTS device concommutator H, provided with the contactrin 's JJ and L L and the commutator l proi videal with the contact-rings M M and. K K, all mounted on the shaft G. Each oi the commutators embrace the segments 1, 4, 2,

l l l l l l l l l l the segments 1. and 2 of the same commutator are connected, through wires 7 and S, with the contact-rings L and L. respectively, and through said contact-rings with. the contactrings M. M. Those contact-rings are again connected, through wires 8 and 7, with the segments 3 and 4 of the commutator H. The other two se ments 1 and 2 are connected, through wires and 6, with. the contact-rings K and. K, respectively. The contact-ring K is, again, through wire 5, in contact with the ring J and. the contact-rih'ig K, through wire 6 in contact with the ring J. The secondary D is, through wires 9 and 10, in electrical contact with the commutator I, and the secondary E is, through wires 1.1 and 12-, in electrical. contact with the commutator H. From the wires 8 and 7 branches the constunting-circuit 8 and 7 and from the wires 6 and 5 branches the consuming-circuit 6 and 5 The shaft G is rotated with the aid of a motor, the current of which is taken for its armature or revoluble p art from the sourceA and B, and the armature will therefore be actuated. in unison with the change of alternation in the llow of the current gener ated at Z, and therefore of the current transformed at D and E.

The operation of the device is as follows: As long as the terminals of D through the wires 9 and 10 and their appended. brushes are in electrical contact with the segments 8 and 4 of the commutator I the impulses generated at D will l'low l rom D into the consuming-circuit embracing the wires 5" and 6, for the reason that the wires 9 and 10 are, through the segments 3 and 4 and the rings J and J, in electrical contact with the circuit 6 and 5, from which the wires 6 and 5 branch, and it at the same time the secondary E is, through the w' es 12 and 11 and their appended brushes, in electrical contact with the segments 3 and. 4 of the commutator H then. the impulses generated. at E will llow from E into the consumingcireuits embracing the wires 7 and 8*, for the reason that the wires 12 and 11. are, through segments 3 and 4 and the rings M and M, in electrical contact with the circuit 7 and 8, from which the wires 7 and 8 branch. Let us now suppose that the consuming-circuit 5 and (5 is adapted to actuate a device with a current of a potential as is induced by the commencing ot the How of the current, and let us suppose that the coni suming-Clrcuit 7 tl-lltl 8 l3 ttLlZtpl/Gd t0 actu- SlSllS 0f t0 ()OHlIIlllliillaOIS and the i ITO to flow through the primary D. It follows that in D will be induced an impulse of a potential in exact proportion to the potential of the primary current and the ratio of r the winding between the primary and secondary coil, and these impulses will flow to the consuming-circuit 5 and 6 but at the same time the current will cease to flow through the primary E and a current will be induced in E of a potential higher than the potential of the current induced in D, for the reason that the ceasing of the flow always induces higher potential, and as at that period the terminals of the wires 12 and 11, as is illustrated in the drawings, rest on the segments 3 and 4 of the commutator H the impulses of high potential induced in, E will flow through the consuming-circuit 7 and 8% Let us now consider that the shaft is always in motion and rotating in unison with the alternation of the current generated. It follows that for part of the alternation the commutators I and H will be moved so as to bring their brushes in electrical contact with the next following segment, and as during the time that the low-potential impulses were generated in D the brushes of the same came in electrical contact through segments 3 and 4 with the consuming-circuit 6 and 5 these same brushes will come in contact during the .neXt interval of timethat is, during the ceasing of the current'l'lowthrough segments 1 and 2 with the consuming-circuits 7 and 8 and at the same time the terminals of E will be moved from the segments 3 and 4 of the commutator H and will come in contact with the segments 1 and 2 and through same with. the consmningcircuit 5 and 6 and as at this time the current will flow through E it is obvious that the impulses induced in E will be of low potential. Therefore it will be seen that each secondary will be brought in electrical contact with the consmningcircuit consisting of the wires 5 and 6 during the time that impulses of low potential are induced in said secondaries and will be brought in electrical contact with the consuming-circuit 7 and 8' during the time that impulses of high. potential will be induced in said secondaries.

From this description persons versed in the art will readily understand that we have here two consuming-circuits, each provided always with a current of a predetermined potential and of a predetermined value, b ing constant as long as the current generated at Z remains constant. These in broad outlines are the arrangements as illustrated; but it is obvious that parts of same may differ without departing from the scope of I my invention.

In Fig. 1 I have illustrate-d my invention in conrection with two COiS'dlIli"g-CilC1.itS in each of which alternating currents of varying potential are flowing, and in Figs. 2 and 3 I have illustrated the manner in which these two consumh- -circr its can be with the help of commutatii g devices brought in such relation to the induced impulses that in each of them a current difl'ering in potential from that of the other is made to flow; but in some cases this device cannot be advantageously employed, and yet it would be of great importance even in such cases to have in the coztsizming-circiiit a flow of ciirrent wherein each part of each cycle should be of approximately the same potential, and in 1 I have ilhtstratcd the arrangement whereby such results are possible to attain. In this figure both of the colisuniiiig-circi its are conrected together in a manner so that the impulses induced in one circuit should flow in the same direction as the impulses induced in the other circuit at ore and the same time. o will therefore have i". the coiisumii.. -circi1it, simultaiteorsly with the impulses illduced by the starting of the curretflow in of" 0 primary, impulses induced by the ceasing of the flow of the curreiit in the second primary. Let us suppose that the cur reiit is now flowing in the direction. of the featherless arrow through the branch O. A current will therefore low in the secondary E, and therefore in the coiisuiniiig-circuit containing the lamps U U, from the light to left; but at the same time as the current has ceased to flow through the branch U a current will be induced in the second aryD, also flowing from right to left, and as this second circuit is connected through wire 9 with wire 11 of thc iirst circrit it follows that both of these impulses will flow in the circuit containing the lamps in ore and the same direction. If row the currert-flow through 0' ceases, then there will be developed in F a current flowing from left to right in the circuit coiitaiiting the corsiimirg device, and as at the same time the curreitt commences to flow through C then there will be developed in the secondary D a current also from left to right, and both of these impulses will then flow in the same direction through the consumin g-circr i t.

It is true that the combined impulses flowing at one and the same time through the co:';sumin -circuit has two different values, consisting as it does of ore impulse of com parative low poteiitial but large yolume L'1 l one impulse of comparative high POtOl'tiiLl and small volume; but as both these impulses will be flowirg as ore urited impulse and as each urited. impulse will have the same double value the consuming device U U will rot be unduly affected by this double p0te1ttial.

No doubt the arrangements as illustrated in Figs. 2 aid 3 will be preferred in. most cases," but it was necessary for me to point out the advantage of this my invention in such cases Where an adjusting device cannot be advantageously employed.

Having noW described my invention, what I claim as new, and desire to secure by Letters Patent, is D 1. The herein-described means for increasing the efliciency of alternating currents, comprising a circuit connected to a source of alternating current and divided to provide a plurality of branches, means associated with .each branch to permit the How of current in one direction and to prevent the ilow of the current in the opposite direction, a converter-primary arranged in each of said branches, and means whereby the impulses induced by the starting of the How of ti e current are separated from the impulses induced by the stopping of the flow of the current.

2. The herein-described means for increasing the etliciency of alternating currents, comprising a circuit connected to a source of alternating current and divided to provide a series of branches, means in each of said branches to permit the flow of the current in one direction and to prevent the {low of the current in the opposite direction, a primary for each of said branches, a secondary in inductive relation to each of said primaries, a consuming-circuit, and means to adjust the flow of the induced impulses so that each induced impulse shall be of substantially the same value as the impulse following.

3. The herein-described means for increasing the efficiency of alternating currents, comprising a circuit connected to a source of alternating current, a pair of primaries arranged in said circuit, means associated with one of said primaries to permit the ilow of the current in one direction, means associated With the second of said primaries to allow the flow of the current in the opposite direction, a secondary for each primary, means whereby an impulse is caused to be induced in each. of said secondaries by the starting of the flow of the current in its primary, and also by which an impulse is caused to be induced by the stopping of the flow of the current in the primary, and a consuming circuit or circuits for the induced impulses.

4. The herein-described means for increasing the efficiency of alternating currents, comprising a plurality of converters the pri- 'maries of which are connected to a source of alternating current, means for causing to be induced in the secondaries of said converters two impulses for each ltalf of each cycle of said current, the impulses induced in each secondary dill'ering in potential, a separate consuming-circuit for the induced impulses of like potential, and means whereby the induced impulses of like potential are caused to ilow in tl 1e respective consruning-circuits.

5. The .lierein-described means for increasing tlte elliciency of alternating currents, comprising a circuit connected to a source of alternating current and divided to provide a branch for each of the alternations of each. cycle, means in each of said branches for generating two impulses for each alternation of each cycle, and means to readjust said im pulses so that when 'fed to consuming-circuits the same shall be of substantially constant potential.

6. The herein-described means for increas ing the efliciency of alternating currents, comprising a circuit connected to a source of alternating current and divided to provide branches tor the ilow of current of opposite directions, means associated with. each branch for generating separate impulses by the starting and stopping of the how of the current therein, and means for separately leading oil' the impulses generated by the starting and stopping of the flow of the current.

7 The herein-described means for increasing the efiiciency of alternating currents, comprising a circuit connected to a source of alternating current and divided to provide branches for the how of the current of opposite directions, means arranged in each branch to permit the flow therethrough of only predetermined portions of the current, means associated with each branch for generating separate impulses by the starting and stopping of the flow of the current therein, and means to readjust said impulses so that when fe d to consuming-circuits impulses of substantially the same value shall flow through the same circuits.

In testimony whereof I hereby sign my name, in the presence of two subscribing witnesses, this 15th day of February, A. D. 1905.

ISIDOR KITSEE.

Nitnesses:

WVM. N. CROMWELL, HENRY E. COOPER.

ICO 

